Deaf Children and Learning Essay Example

Essays on Deaf Children and Learning Essay The paper "Deaf Children and Learning" is a good example of an essay on education. Few researches have been conducted on multicultural Deaf children and adults in education because of the perception people have about deafness. In relation to this, Johnson and McIntosh (2009, p.74, line 23-29) argue that different  discussion and treatment of deafness from 12 other categories of disability outlined by IDEA 2004 makes researchers perceive Deafness as a cultural as well as linguistic minority instead of a disability. In other words, researchers fail to draw a conclusion about considering Deafness as a disability or not. In tandem with this, Johnson and McIntosh (2009, p.75, para.2, line 8-10) claim that the opposition of researchers’ understanding of a Deaf person as part of the cultural community contributes to researchers researching little on multicultural Deaf people. CLD deaf children in an education setting learn sign language in school that varies from the one used at home (Parasnis, 1997, p.74, para. 5, line 1-6). Deaf children in an education setting also utilize adaptive equipment as well as special services like hearing aids, FM systems in addition to ASL interpreters in communicating effectively with people in the society (Parasnis, 1997, p.73, para. 3, line 19-24). A CLD deaf person in a setting other than K-12 often uses gestures to communicate. The gestures used by such people correlate natural language. Such people also introduce language-like structure into the gestures they use in communication (Goldin-Meadow Mylander, 1998, p.279, para.3, lines 1-5 and para.4, lines 2-3). Additionally, deaf children from different cultures pass their messages via gesture sentences instead of single gestures (Goldin-Meadow Mylander, 1998, p.279, para.5, line 2-4).

Externalities, Pollution and Global Warming Free Essays

Topic 4: Externalities, Pollution and Global Warming ECON 1210B Economics and Society 1 Introduction Recall: Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity In the absence of market failures, the market outcome is efficient, maximizes total surplus One major type of market failure: externalities Externality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander 2 Externalities and Efficiency In the presence of externality, market equilibrium is no longer efficient Individual’s estimates of resources value (or cost) are not correct (from the society’s point of view) Traditional belief: Government to step in to ensure efficient resource allocation And to protect the interest of bystanders as well 3 Negative Externality Negative Externality: the effect on bystanders is adverse Example: the neighbor’s barking dog talking on cell phone while driving makes the roads less safe for others health risk to others from second-hand smoke noise pollution from construction projects 4 Pollution: A Negative Externality Firms burn huge quantities of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil) that cause acid rain and global warming Firms dump toxic waste into rivers, lakes, and oceans These environmental issues are simultaneously everybody’s problem and nobody’s problem 5 Pollution: A Negative Externality Example of negative externality: Air pollution from factory Firm does not bear the full cost of its production, so will produce more than the socially efficient quantity How govt may improve the market outcome: Impose a corrective tax on the firm equal to the external cost of the pollution it generates 6 Recap of Welfare Economics P $5 4 3 $2. 50 2 1 0 The market for gasoline The market eqm maximizes consumer + producer surplus. Supply curve shows private cost, the costs directly incurred by sellers Demand curve shows private value, the value to buyers (the prices they are willing to pay) 0 10 20 25 30 Q (gallons) 7 Analysis of a Negative Externality Key: distinguish private and social costs Private costs and social costs diverge in the presence of externality Producer concerns private cost, which neglect the external cost (pollution cost) Social cost represents the resource cost to a society social cost = private cost + external cost 8 Analysis of a Negative Externality P $5 4 3 2 1 0 The market for gasoline Social cost =private+ external cost external cost 0 External cost = value of the negative impact on bystanders = $1 per gallon (value of harm Supply (private cost) from smog, greenhouse gases) 10 20 30 Q (gallons) 9 Analysis of a Negative Externality P $5 4 3 2 D 1 0 The market for gasoline Social cost S The socially The socially optimal quantity optimal quantity is 20 gallons. We will write a custom essay sample on Externalities, Pollution and Global Warming or any similar topic only for you Order Now is 20 gallons. At any Q 20, At any Q 20, value of additional gas value of additional gas exceeds social cost exceeds social cost At any Q 20, At any Q 20, social cost of the social cost of the last gallon is last gallon is greater than its value greater than its value 10 0 10 20 25 30 Q (gallons) Analysis of a Negative Externality P $5 4 3 2 D 1 0 The market for gasoline Mkt eqm (Q = 25) Social cost is greater than social optimum S (Q = 20) overproduction resulted in DWL (red triangle) One solution: impose a corrective tax of $1/gallon on sellers, shift supply curve up $1 11 0 10 20 25 30 Q (gallons) Internalizing the Externality Internalizing the externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions previous example: $1/gallon tax on sellers makes sellers’ costs equal to social costs When market participants must pay social costs, the market eqm matches the social optimum. Imposing the tax on buyers would achieve the same outcome: market Q will equal optimal Q 12 Summary For Pollution: A Negative Externality With negative externality, QMarket QSocial Optium firms over-produce (DWL exist) Remedy: The government can internalize the externality by imposing corrective tax Price tax S’ S Q = Qmarket = initial eqm Q’ = QSocial Optium = eqm after tax D Q’ Q Quantity 13 Externality in Consumption Consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and gasoline (private driving) all create negative externality to the society Got impose a heavy corrective tax on these goods to alter the incentives of customers, in order to mitigate of negative externality 14 Corrective Tax Rate (Levy / Charges) in HK Alcohol: 100% tax rate for alcohol with strength of more than 30% by volume Cigarettes: $1. 7 / each cigarette, tax for a pack of 20-stick cigarettes = $34 70% of the selling price of $50 / pack Leaded petrol: $6. 823/ litre, unleaded petrol: $6. 6/ litre About 40% of the selling price of each litre of gasoline 15 Example: Gasoline Tax Targets 3 Negative Externalities Congestion: the more you drive, the more you contribute to congestion Accidents: larger vehicles cause more damage in an accident Pollution: burning fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases 16 Case Study: Environmental Levy on Plastic Shopping Bags in HK Survey indicates that some 8 billion (8,000,000,000) plastic shopping bags are disposed of at landfills every year in HK This translates into more than 3 plastic shopping bags per person per day, which apparently go beyond our needs 7 Case Study: Environmental Levy on Plastic Shopping Bags in HK Address the problem of abuse, gov introduced an levy of $0. 5 HKD on each plastic shopping bag at the retail level Estimated negative externality of each plastic bag = ? 18 Positive Externality Positive Externality: the effect on bystanders is beneficial Example: When you get a flu vaccination, everyone you come into contact with benefits Research and Development (RD) creates knowledge others can use Renovating your house increases neighboring property values Restores of historical building 19 Positive Externalities from Education A more educated population benefits society: lower crime rates: educated people have more opportunities, so less likely to rob and steal better government: educated people make better-informed voters People do not consider these external benefits when deciding how much education to â€Å"purchase† 20 Positive Externalities from Education Result: market eqm Q of education too low How govt may improve the market outcome: subsidize cost of education In the presence of a positive externality, the social value of a good includes private value: the direct value to buyers external benefit: the value of the positive impact on bystanders 21 Analysis of a positive externality P The market for flu shots $50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 S D External benefit = $10/shot Draw the social value curve. Find the socially optimal Q. What policy would internalize this externality? Q 22 Analysis of a positive externality P The market for flu shots $50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 25 30 external benefit S Mkt eqm Q = 20 Social optimal Q = 25 underproduction resulted in DWL (red triangle) Social value = private value + external benefit D To internalize the externality, use Q subsidy = $10/shot. 23 Case Study: Innovation and Technology Policy in HK Should government subsidize high tech companies? Pros: Spillover effects International competitiveness Cons: Potential misallocation of public resource Potential problems of unfairness corruption 24 Case Study: Innovation and Technology Policy in HK Eg: Cyberport IT project? 25 Summary: Corrective Tax and Subsidy to Deal With Externalities If negative externality market produces a larger quantity than is socially desirable If positive externality market produces a smaller quantity than is socially desirable 6 Summary: Corrective Tax and Subsidy to Deal With Externalities remedy the problem: â€Å"internalize the externality† tax goods with negative externalities ideal corrective tax = external cost subsidize goods with positive externalities ideal corrective subsidy = external benefit 27 Private Solutions to Externalities? Government intervention is always controversial Major concerns of government intervention include fairne ss and efficiency The market does develop some possible solutions to externality over time 28 Private Solutions to Externalities? Social norms / moral codes Eg: littering Mergers Eg: MTR as a property developer Contracts between market participants and the affected bystanders However: If an externality affects many people, contract negotiation is virtually impossible 29 Public Policies Toward Negative Externalities Market-based policies provide incentives so that private decisionmakers will choose to solve the problem on their own Corrective Tax Tradable Pollution Permits 30 Public Policies Toward Negative Externalities Command-and-control policies: Regulation regulate behavior directly. Examples: limits on quantity of pollution emitted requirements that firms adopt a particular technology to reduce emissions 31 Policy Option: Example â€Å"Ace Electric† and â€Å"Billy Power† both are running coal-burning power plants Each emits 40 tons of sulfur dioxide per month SO2 causes acid rain other health issues Policy goal: reducing SO2 emissions 25% to 60 tons/month 32 Policy Option: Regulation Vs Corrective Tax Policy options 1. regulation: require each plant to cut emissions by 25% 2. corrective tax: make each plant pay a tax on each ton of SO2 emissions. Set tax at level that achieves goal. 33 Policy Option: Regulation Vs Corrective Tax Under Policy option 1, regulation, firms have no incentive to reduce emissions beyond the 25% target Suppose cost of reducing emissions is lower for â€Å"Ace Electric† than for â€Å"Billy Power† Socially efficient outcome: â€Å"Ace Electric† reduces emissions more than â€Å"Billy Power† 34 Policy Option: Regulation Vs Corrective Tax Corrective tax is a price on the right to pollute Under policy option 2, tax on emissions gives firms incentive to continue reducing emissions as long as cost of doing so is less than the tax If a cleaner technology available, tax gives firms incentive to adopt it Tax payment is money! So, corrective taxes enhance efficiency by aligning private with social incentives 35 Policy Option: Tradable Pollution Permits Recall: â€Å"Ace Electric† and â€Å"Billy Power† each emit 40 tons SO2, total of 80 tons. Goal: reduce 25% emissions to 60 tons/month Policy option 3: Tradable Pollution Permits issue 60 permits, each allows its holder to emit one ton of SO2 give 30 permits to each firm establish market for trading permits 36 Policy Option: Tradable Pollution Permits Each firm can choose among these options: emit 30 tons of SO2, using all its permits emit 30 tons, sell unused permits buy additional permits so it can emit 30 tons 37 Policy Option: Tradable Pollution Permits A system of tradable pollution permits achieves goal at lower cost than regulation Firms with low cost of reducing pollution (Ace Electric) sell whatever permits they can Firms with high cost of reducing pollution (Billy Power) buy permits Result: incentive to reduce pollution: permit = money 38 Tradable Pollution Permits in the Real World Emission of greenhouse gases causes the global warming The primary greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is the emission of carbon dioxide Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide 39 Tradable Pollution Permits in the Real World Carbon emissions permits traded in Europe since January 1, 2005 Recall: permit = money Firms will have strong incentive to reduce carbon emissions 40 How to cite Externalities, Pollution and Global Warming, Papers

Giotto di Bondone Example For Students

Giotto di Bondone Biography Outline1 Biography2 Key Ideas in painting3 Famous Paintings3.1 â€Å"The Lamentation†3.2 â€Å"The last judgement† Biography Giotto is an Italian painter, founder of protorenesissa. Originally, he is from Cole da Vespignano in Tuscany. He studied at the Ciampayo workshop (between 1280 and 1290), he worked mainly in Florence (where since 1334 he directed the construction of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore and the city fortifications) and Parma. At the beginning of the 14th century, Giotto visited Rome. The name of Giotto is connected with a new stage of the development of Italian and European art (Protoranesians), the discontinuance of Italian Florence with medieval artistic canons and the traditions of the so-called Italian-Byzantine art, as well as frescoes. Giotto is rightly considered to be the father of European painting, the founder of realism. Numerous disciples, followers, and imitators of the renowned master expanded its influence to many cultural centers of Europe. His biography was commented by Boccaccio, who believed that he could by right be called one of the lights of Florentine glory. The painter is not only wonderful but also beautiful, whose glory is great among the artists, – Boccaccio said. Giotto di Bondone was born in Vespignano, near Florence, probably in 1267, and as it’s known, he has died in 1337 at the age of seventy. According to Vasari, Giotto was the son of a farmer. There is one story known about him. Once, glorified painter Cimabue, who was walking along the road from Florence to Vespignano, saw the herds of a boy who drew a sheep on a smooth stone. Chimabye took him to his students, and, after some time, the student surpassed the teacher. Together with Cimabee, Giotto went to Rome for the first time around 1280 and then visited Assisi. Apparently, at the end of the 80s, a young artist married Jundo di Lapo del Spialla, who had four daughters and four sons. Giotto had the most average, vague look small growth, ugly. In the stories of that time, Giotto acts as a wise man and a joker. Painter spent the next years in Assisi, where he participated in the painting style of the Upper Church of San Francesco. His earliest works include some frescoes on the theme of the Old and New Testaments, in the upper zone of the walls of the longitudinal nave. These paintings were made in the first half of the nineties. It’s believed that during that time Giotto traveled to Rome for a while, where he was impressed by the Cavalline’s paintings and early Christian mosaics. Key Ideas in painting Giotto di Bondone didn’t understand the laws of the prospect, didn’t study the human anatomy, the figures on its frescoes didn’t correspond to their size landscapes. But the three-dimensional world voluminous and tangible is open again, triumphantly approved by the brush of the artist. The symbolism of Byzantine art was rejected. The painter used the simplicity. Nothing superfluous, the attention of the artist in famous paintings is focused on the main and gives a synthesis, a grand generalization. The acquaintance of Giotto with the late antique artwork and the works of Pietro Cavallini contributed to the development of his creative method, the creation of such an outstanding monument of Protoniansansan painting, like the artwork of the Capella del Arena (Skroveniy) in Padua (1304-1308). The Giotto Frescoes, dedicated to the life of Mary and Christ, located on the walls of three horizontal rows, are distinguished by the dramatic and vital convincing images, the bold construction of space, the almost sculptural mold of plastic volume, the simplicity and at the same time the expressiveness of gestures and angles, bright, festive coloring and unique style. .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 , .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 .postImageUrl , .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 , .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212:hover , .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212:visited , .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212:active { border:0!important; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212:active , .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212 .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73575921255a8601354f7a91c361e212:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ivan ShishkinThe work of Giotto was distinguished by the enormous graphics power and dramatic expressiveness of his images. The impact on the viewer was stronger, the more natural and realistic were the artistic techniques of Giotto, who set himself the task of representing a real three-dimensional space constructed on a linear perspective basis. Without a knowledge of the scientific perspective, it would seem that the means of Giotto, seemingly primitive, had reached the unprecedented effect of the art of his time, one of the first to enter the artwork of the interior. At the same time, Giottos second conquest was the creation of plastic, rounded human figure, and each of his depicted figures possessed purely material merit and, by virtue of this profound vitality, realistic conviction. The most famous paintings of the master are: â€Å"Adoration of the Magi†, â€Å"Dante Alighieri†, â€Å"Madonna in Glory†, â€Å"Massacre of the Innocents†, â€Å"Nativity: Birth of Jesus†, as well as â€Å"The Lamentation† and â€Å"The last judgement† you’ll read about below. Famous Paintings â€Å"The Lamentation† The frescoes of the Italian painter and architect Giotto marked the birth with the discovery of a completely different page in the narrative of art history. Until the heyday of his work, Italian sculptors followed the rules of medieval and Roman antique drawings traditions. Giottos architecture breaks the connection with the technique of painting the past up to the complete refusal to follow its laws. Florentines believe that the famous master has crossed the threshold in the new era of art. The general emotional background of the painting The Lamentation is the ingenious artistic reception of Giotto. All participants of the event are involved in the occurrence, and the position of their bodies, the details are drawn by the folds of clothing, the ratio of dimming and illuminated areas create an incredibly realistic spatial depth of the artwork. In the focus of the drawing, there are the reduced faces of the murdered Christ and the Mother. It’s precisely in this center of the greatest emotional stress that all objects and characters of the canvas are comfortably directed. The views of the heavenly and terrestrial participants of the sorrowful scene are visually and mentally immersed in the events. â€Å"The last judgement† In the center of â€Å"The last judgement,† in an oval frame supported by angels, Jesus sits in all his splendor. To the left and to the right sit the apostles, each on a separate throne (the most luxurious throne belongs to the apostle Peter). There are the angels arms above them, the slender ranks of the heavenly host. The most interesting are two separate angelic figures under the very vault. They proclaim the discovery of the New Jerusalem and, as it were, wrap the edges of the canvas or parchment, emphasizing the illusory nature of what is happening. It can be interpreted in two ways. Either all the earthly manifestations are illusory before the higher heavenly reality. Or Giotto alludes to us that everything he wrote on the wall of the Scrovegni Chapel, with all the naturalism, is just art of architecture and Florence.

The Trail Of Tears Essays - Cherokee Nation, Cherokee, John Ross

The Trail of Tears "We are now about to take our leave and kind farewell to our native land, the country that Great Spirit gave our Fathers, we are on the eve of leaving that country that gave us birth? it is with sorrow we are forced by the white man to quit the scenes of our childhood?we bid farewell to it and all we hold dear." This is the way that Cherokee Vice Chief Charles Hicks described, in 1838, the emotions that must have been felt after the mistreatment and the abuse that was wrought upon the Cherokee Indians. It was a trail of blood, a trail of death, but ultimately it was known as the "Trail of Tears". In this history of the Cherokee Nation we are trying, but without success, to be as unbiased as possible. It's the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson is mounting up forces against the Pro-British faction of the Creek Indians. The United States appealed for Cherokee support for aid in war against Tukumsa and another Indian known as Red Sticks. The Cherokee Nation replied with six to eight hundred of their best warriors. It was this war were the Indians fought side by side with Jackson. After a treaty in 1814 was forced on the Creek Indians, the Cherokees filed claims for there lose. There was no promise that their claims would be acknowledged. This would bring on the biggest betrayal on the Cherokee Indians, Andrew Jackson. Andrew Jackson demanded the session of twenty-three million acres of land to the United States. The Cherokee Nation, however, owned Four million acres of this land. The Cherokees protested again to Indian agent Jonathan Meigs in the War Department. Once again their former ally called these claims "Cherokee intrigue". Andrew Jackson then suggested with troops already in the field that this would be the perfect time to remove Cherokees as well as Creeks out of Tennessee. The Indian Removal Act was introduced by Andrew Jackson and was passed by Congress in 1830. This act was to force the Indians west of the Mississippi River. This was largely carried out by General Winfield Scott and his army of approximantly seven thousand troops, in May of 1838. When the army arrived in New Echota Georgia thousand of Cherokee Indians would be rounded up with dragnets and penned up in wooden stockades. By June 5, 1838 it was estimated that only 200 Cherokee had escaped. There were between fifteen to se venteen thousand Cherokee held in these crude jails, where they would await their long brutal journey west. This route from Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and finally ending in Oklahoma, would later be referred by Cherokees as Nunna-da-ul-tsun-yi, or "the trail on which they Cried". The journey on which the Indians traveled would bring many deaths due to starvation, droughts and disease. There were two main ways of travel, by land and river. River travel was difficult if not impossible because low river levels due to the drought. All in all it took 645 wagons, 5000 horses and oxen and river vessels used primarily for the ill. Grant Foreman, Dean of Indian Historians, recorded this appalling period. He stated that the weather was extremely hot, there was a drought, and water was scarce and there were suffocating clouds of dust mixed with the oxygen. He also stated that at least three but, up to five people died per day on the trail. By the end of June 1838 two to three hundred Indians were sick. On June 17, 1838 General Charles Floyd of the Georgia militia wrote to Governor Gilmen of New Echota that they were convinced that there were no longer any Cherokee in Georgia. This would hold true that they succeeded in removing the Cherokee from the state, but not compl etely from the east. This would bring on a great supporter of the Cherokee people, a white man by the name of John Ross. John Ross campaigned heavily for the Cherokees. Ross was part of the immigration management committee. Ross persuaded General Scott to approve a budget for the captive Indians of Seventeen cents per Indian per day. This was double the amount figured by congress. This money was

Chinese immigration 19th Cent essays

Chinese immigration 19th Cent essays The gold rush into California in the 1800s brought with it many social and political changes, including the introduction of Chinese immigration to American society. Most Chinese that came to the area were from regions that suffered from poverty, crime, and overpopulation. They came to America in hopes of new jobs and financial support for their families. The Calfornia Gold Rush created a demand for labor that supplied many Chinese an alternative to a meager ten or fifteen cents a day. Making the trip to America was the first task that a Chinese immigrant had to overcome. Many Chinese had to borrow money from debtors to pay for their transportation to the states. This debt, plus interest and taxes for entry papers, added up to more than ten years worth of wages for the Chinese men. So while the Chinese were not slaves, they were indebted for years of work to the American businessmen that hired them. Before 1852, the small amounts of Chinese that came to the U.S. usually ended up in the merchant trade, such as cooking or cleaning. These were the feminine jobs that needed to be done, but didnt pose any threat to American miners traveling sometimes thousands of miles in hopes of gold. In 1852, a massive influx of about twenty thousand Chinese men landed on Californian soil. These men were looking for gold, and the prospectives for American businessman were enticing. These wealthy entrepreneurs began to money into foreigners, something that angered many American mi ners who viewed California as a white-mans land. This unfair competition fueled the beginnings of anti-American sentiments. Another factor that stimulated anti-chinese sentiments were the ban on women and spousal privileges for Chinese laborers. In the late 1800s, the ratio of Chinese men to women was about thirty to one. The only Chinese women coming to the states were young prostitutes, who had been tricked or kidnapped into ...

The History of Swimming Pools

The History of Swimming Pools Swimming pools, at least man-made watering holes for bathing and swimming, go back at least as far as 2600 B.C.E. The first elaborate construction are probably The Great Baths of Mohenjodaro, an ancient and elaborate bathing site in Pakistan made from bricks and covered in plaster, with terraced decks that wouldn’t look out of place in a modern pool landscape. Mohenjodaro probably wasn’t used for general lap swimming, however. Scholars believe it was used in religious ceremonies. Ancient Pools More man-made pools surfaced throughout the ancient world. In Rome and Greece, swimming was part of the education of elementary age boys and the Romans built the first swimming pools (separate from bathing pools). The first heated swimming pool was built by Gaius Maecenas of Rome in the first century BC. Gaius Maecenas was a rich Roman lord and considered one of the first patrons of arts- he supported the famous poets Horace, Virgil, and Propertius, making it possible for them to live and write without fear of poverty. Growth in Popularity However, swimming pools did not become popular until the middle of the 19th century. By 1837, six indoor pools with diving boards were built in London, England. After the modern Olympic Games began in 1896 and swimming races were among the original events, the popularity of swimming pools began to spread According to the book Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming in America, the Cabot Street Bath in Boston was the first swimming pool in the U.S.  It opened in 1868 and served a neighborhood where most of the homes did not have baths. In the 20th century, a number of leaps in science and technology took swimming pools to a new level. Among the developments, chlorination and filtration systems that delivered clean water into the pool. Prior to these developments, the only way to clean a pool was to remove and replace all the water. Technological Advancements In the U.S. the pool business expanded with the invention of gunite, a material that allowed faster installation, more flexible designs, and lower costs than previous methods. The post-war rise of the middle-case, coupled with the relative affordability of pools accelerated pool proliferation even further. There were even less expensive options than gunite. In 1947, above ground pool kits hit the market, creating an entirely new pool experience. It wasn’t long before single unit pools would be sold and installed in a single day.

Business english and communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business english and communication - Assignment Example They also manufacture televisions, storage devices, mobile phones, office equipment--like computers, notebook PCS, monitors, printers, and LCD displays--photography equipment, surveillance equipment, and household appliances. Much of this is usually produced in Korea, and it is shipped to other countries to be sold. Communication is done between staff in the department via memos, messages, meetings, conferences, and phone calls. The HR department communicates primarily through email and phone correspondence, as well as in person. The general manager communicates with them via the same means. The marketing department communicates through the use of memos, emails, phone correspondence, and personal meetings with other staff to determine their next steps to take as far as getting products out to the public. The marketing department also uses press releases to give news to the public about new product releases. Once the marketing department and other company staff meet to determine what their next product lines will be, the production staff is then notified, and they work on producing what will appeal to the public. Samsung corresponds with other companies located in different countries, such as between Korea and the US, to distribute their products as affiliates. The affiliates keep in communication with the main company through email and phone. The function and communication structures of Samsung are very solid, cut, and dry. Staff within the headquarters can communicate with one another quickly and efficiently, as they can meet within offices and hold conferences should the need arise. Disputes within the company can be resolved quickly, and sudden changes can be communicated without much delay. The only weakness that can be seen is that their manufacturers are in Korea, which can present some issues with language barriers. Other than that, Samsung seems to be very well run. Then, there is Microsoft. Microsoft is a

Film Les Miserables and Masculinity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Les Miserables and Masculinity - Essay Example Therefore, this paper is not a film review, but a technical research paper. It is however, not a full thesis or complete research study, but general thoughts on masculinity with a general aim of understanding it better. The paper uses scholarly ideas or theories and relates these to the selected movie in order to draw new insights on masculinity. The chosen theme or recurring working idea for this paper is the understanding and appreciation of masculinity. This effort to understand is made through an analysis of previous ideas on masculinity drawn from papers or researches of scholars on the issue of gender and masculinity. Meanwhile, appreciation is derived through a chosen visual presentation or a film from which a more graphic representation of ideas on masculinity can be derived. The film chosen for this paper, the movie Les Miserables is a Golden Globe Award winner for Best Picture in Hollywood this December 2012. The significance of this paper can easily be seen from the important social developments starting the late twentieth century, more particularly the 1960s and 1970s. During these years, feminism and the gay movements started to change the outlook of societies towards gender and sexuality (Peoples 9). Since then, traditional beliefs and biases on masculinity and femininity started to erode. This very well shows that gender is not a static, but rather a dynamic reality. This dynamism behind gender has been especially portrayed, if not exploited by the powerful media of communications today. In turn, mass media have served to hasten the dynamism of change in human sexuality and gender. Thus during our own times, dramatic social and cultural changes have introduced the rather unexpected recognition of gay rights in the U.S. military, legalization of gay marriages in some countries, surgical male-to-female sex changes in modern medicine, and other social and cultural alterations or reform s. The need to understand issues on masculinity is therefore important, as the dynamism of gender and manhood continues to escalate until our day. And as shall be shown later, the issues relating to masculinity may have created a global impact in which even the security and sustainability of democratic states and the world may be at stake. This shall be discussed later, but for more clarity, the following questions are proposed as the main problems in this paper: 1. What is the appropriate understanding of masculinity? 2. What are the major concepts of masculinity that relate to its dynamic nature? 3. How does the movie Les Miserables portray the major concepts of masculinity? 4. What lessons can be drawn from the above conceptual and visual analysis of masculinity? Studies on gender and manhood To understand masculinity, there is a need to analyze ideas or theories introduced by scholars or researchers on this issue. This is an appropriate approach since our modern societies are to day knowledge-based societies. Scientific studies have become the lever to awaken awareness, impart understanding, and formulate theories on social issues. This paper has therefore sought concepts expounded by scientific theorists on gender and manhood. From these theories, an appropriate understanding of masculinity can be derived. In this regard, the study made by Christopher T. Kilmartin deserves consideration. In his book The Masculine Self, Kilmartin clarifies the concept of masculinity by differentiating between sex and gender (14). For him, sex is a biological frame of reference to the male or female as this relates to genes, hormones, genetalia, and other physical aspects of the human body. On the other hand, gender is a broader frame of reference

Frankenstein Movie Version vs. Mary Shelley’s Novel Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein Movie Version vs. Mary Shelley’s Novel Essay In 1957 British Production Company Hammer Films launched their own series of adaptations of Frankenstein with the first film entitled â€Å"The Curse of Frankenstein†. The Frankenstein’s myth was revived once again. This time it was more different from the Universal Studios own version. The prominent element in the Universal Series was the monster but Hammer chose the person of Victor Frankenstein as focal point and subject of the story. The Curse of Frankenstein is set around 1880. Baron Victor Frankenstein and his new teacher Paul Krempe became close companions. They started their experiments and their first success was the reanimation of a puppy. After several years they want to experiment it on humans. They stole the body of a hanged highwayman from the gallows. Victor bought body parts like eyes, hands and several other parts, which they stitch together. Finally, the only thing needed to complete his creation is a brain, â€Å"the mind of a genius†. Victor killed his old mentor Professor Bernstein to place its brain in his creation. Victor Frankenstein was entirely different from the character in Shelley’s novel. He was not as bad as the film portrays. He doesn’t have to kill anyone to achieve his goal. The only close similarity to the original story is the monster with its ugly and horrible appearance. The monster also from the moment it wakes was found to be very aggressive and evil. It kills a blind man and a young girl unlike in the original where it is not even capable to express feelings and emotions. The film was based on the original story of Frankenstein novel but a lot of twists and modifications have been already done to the original theme. Works Cited Rohrmoser, Andreas. The Curse of Frankenstein (1957) The Monstrous Baron: Hammer Film’s Frankenstein Series. 2006. 24 September 2008. http://members. inode. at/359743/frankenstein/frankenstein-hammer. htm

Elizabeth Rex in comparison to Fiddler On The Roof :: Essays Papers

Elizabeth Rex in comparison to Fiddler On The Roof More specifically, the comparison to be made is between both of Brent Carver’s performances in the aforementioned plays. In Fiddler, Mr. Carver presented us with a humble, lovable and yet poor milkman (Tevye), quite pleased with what he has, but always hoping for a little bit more money in his purse (as he says, â€Å"If I were a rich man†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). What makes his character all the more lovable is his monologues with the Almighty/God (as well as the audience), for this is where the pureness of his heart shines through. For example, he stops to think and speak with God when he sees his daughter Tzeitel in love with Motel. The two had made a pledge to marry one another, but Tzeitel became betrothed to a butcher named Lazar Wolf. In this brief (and musical) contemplation, Tevye weighs the two choices he has, and finally comes to the conclusion that marrying Motel would be mouch better for his daughter, ultimately scoring points with the audience. In Elizabeth Rex, however, Carver brought to life an entirely different character with Ned: a homosexual confined to playing women’s roles and cursed to die from a pox given to him by his lover. Ned is also a heartwarming character at times, showing his companionship with the other characters and with his pet bear, but at other times, he challenges both the audience and the queen of England. The first indication that Ned was much more than any other character usually seen on stage was his entrance. He ran up on stage yelling obscenities (â€Å"Shit! Shit! You rutting bitch!†) and throwing his shoes because one of his fellow actors had flubbed a line. But when the queen appeared, his attitude became more grim and clever. He dared her to stop playing the man for once and be true to herself.

Critical thinking skill Essay

Learning, according to the Wikipedia, is the knowledge acquired through study, experience or being thought. Parents often think that learning only takes place in the school area for their children, where the information that are being thought to their child are sufficient for them to be able to get a good grades. For me, this is not true. Effective learning also takes place beyond the school, in so many cases. Every person should be learning more from real life than in the class room. All knowledge are being junked inside a student’s brain by only the specific subject thought by the teachers, and not from a real-life experience. Personal experience is essential for every human kind to obtain knowledge that cannot be forgotten. For instance, in an early age, the teacher would teach students about animals. The students can never forget the knowledge if they are being brought to a zoo and see them in real life compare to the the information given in the class. Knowledge that are given by a life-experience, will remain in one’s memory, and will never be loss. Students should be able to use their critical thinking skill to answer various kind of questions, on the spot. This skill is necessary for students to be able to be successful in modern life in general. If this skills are not being teach in a public school system, then the system, by definition, is failing. Critical thinking is best learnt outside the classroom, where students can actually develop their brain by responding to (†¦ idk how to explain) For example, Scientificamerican.com, which is a news-blog, said that students can gain more critical thinking by watching a television, rather than being inside a classroom. By watching the daily show with Jon Stewart, students can form a pile information and interactions that do not comes from a tight school’s environment. This shows that effective learning, in this case critical thinking, do takes place outside the school.

Similarities and Differences in Sociological Theories of Crime

Sociological theories of crime contain a great deal of useful information in the understanding of criminal behavior. Sociological theories are very useful in the study of criminal behavior because unlike psychological and biological theories they are mostly macro level theories which attempt to explain rates of crime for a group or an area rather than explaining why an individual committed a crime. (Kubrin, 2012). There is however some micro level sociological theories of crime that attempts to explain the individual’s motivation for criminal behavior (Kubrin, 2012). Of the contemporary sociological theories there are three which come to the forefront and which we will examine, social conflict theory, social disorganization theory, and rational choice theory. Social Conflict Theory As the name suggests, social conflict theory is a conflict based perspective. Conflict based perspectives assert that laws that govern what behaviors are criminal and what are not come from a conflict between those in power and those who aren’t (Kubrin, 2012). Social conflict theory basically says that crime is born out of this conflict between those that have power within a society and those that don’t. Those that have the power in a society are the ones that make the laws and therefore make laws which will benefit them and forward their goals and ideals often at the expense of those without power. It is this conflict and the resulting laws regulating what is criminal and what is not that is ultimately the cause of crime. Social Disorganization Theory Unlike social conflict theory, social disorganization theory is based on the consensus perspective. The consensus perspective believes that laws are born out of a consensus of members of a society seeking order within that society (Kubrin, 2012). Social disorganization theory views crime as a result of a breakdown of organization and culture within a society (Warner, 2003). This breakdown of organization and culture within a community leads to a lack of informal social control which in turn leads to higher crime rates especially in the juvenile population (Simons, Simons, Burt, Brody, & Cutrona, 2005). Social disorganization theory asserts that strong levels of connection within a community along with a sense of civic pride motivate individuals to take a more active role in the community therefore acting as a deterrent to crime. Rational Choice Theory The third of the contemporary sociological theories is rational choice theory. In stark contrast to social conflict theory and social disorganization theory which are macro level theories, rational choice theory is a micro level theory (Kubrin, 2012). Rational choice theory focuses on the individual motivation behind criminal behavior. Specifically the idea that the choice to commit criminal behavior is a choice based on a type of risk reward scenario. The person contemplating a criminal act consciously weighs the risk associated with the crime against the reward they stand to gain from the crime. Similarities and Differences Each of these three contemporary sociological theories of crime are similar in that they focus mainly on crime in poor or disadvantaged areas. This focus is obvious with social conflict theory and social disorganization theory but not as much with rational choice theory although it is there. With rational choice theory the concept of what is to be gained from the criminal activity in itself implies that the person is most likely poor or disadvantaged in some way necessitating crime to obtain the things they need or desire. Where these theories differ is their basic concepts of what the actual cause of crime is. Where social conflict theory and social disorganization theory view the causes of crime on a group level, rational choice theory says that crime is caused on an individual level. Likewise, on an even more fundamental level, social conflict theory and social disorganization theory differ in that social conflict theory believes laws regulating criminal behavior are formed out of conflict within a society where social disorganization theory believes laws are formed from a consensus within society. Conclusions Sociological theories of crime are very useful, especially in the prediction and prevention of crime. One of their greatest strengths is their ability to explain crime within a certain group or community. However, the fact that the group or area they most often focus on is poor or disadvantages is one of their greatest weaknesses. Sociological theories fail to account for so called white collar crimes and other types of crimes that occur mainly among more wealthy individuals and in more well off neighborhoods. As with psychological and biological theories, sociological theories have their strengths and weaknesses. To truly understand the nature and causes of crime and to be able to prevent it will take an understanding and blending of many different theories.

Government has a Strong Role in Transformation of Modern HR Practice

Government has a Strong Role in Transformation of Modern HR Practice Introduction:Human resource management is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. Human Resources is still largely caught up in its traditional, transactional role, stated in different books and journals, but HR leaders are rethinking their structure, staffing models and required competencies for the eventual shift to a more strategic profession. HR people have to take the plunge and commit to measuring key business outcomes and not worry about who looks good or bad but focus on improvement.Companies are continuously changing and adapting to remain competitive, so the HR department has to adapt to these changes and be able to respond more rapidly to organizational change. HR needs to be seen as a strategic business partner that can add real value to the company and improve business competiti veness.The Seat of GovernmentToday, conventional government is being tested like never before. Issues such as pandemics, aging populations, climate change, rising citizen expectations and public safety are both global and local in nature. To address these types of complex challenges, public sector organizations at all levels need to transform in our country relating to the way they deliver services, internally and to citizens. We are seeing the emergence of a new model in the European and North American countries where government executives redefine their core responsibilities from managing people and programs to coordinating resources to produce public value. This new model of governing by network is characterized by the web of multiorganizational and multi-governmental relationships that increasingly constitute modern governance. Tackling such complex change demands a comprehensive and integrated approach. ¢Ã‚€Â ¢- these are the challenges that today's governments must addres s.The Government of Bangladesh should undergo significant transformation in the...

Advanced HealthCare Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Advanced HealthCare Management - Essay Example Although similar in scope and nature, the support team and the management team fulfill vastly different aspects and requirements. Specifically a support team seeks to enable others to perform their own work. Such teams can be specifically focused upon aspects such as strategic planning, promotion, steering committee development and quality improvement. Within such a manner, the overall goal of such a team is to promote synergy within the compliment parts of the organization that they are responsible for upholding. The main differential that exists between such a team and a managerial team is necessarily with regards to the differential of control (Buljac et al, 2013). Although suggestions are able to be made and key levels of decision-making fostered, the actual manager of control of a support team is quite limited and merely works in a symbiotic manner to promote the needs of the entity as a whole. On the other hand, management teams actively participate within the process of project and human resource development by actively engaging and providing direction to the individuals under their purview (Burns et al, 2012). A further differential that exists between management teams and support teams is with regards to the hierarchical nature that management teams necessarily reflect. Whereas a support team is usually one die mentioned all in structure, management teams can exist from the very lowest levels of management, extend into middle management, and be evidenced within the very highest levels of management within a firm. More specifically, managers within this structure have defined responsibilities that they are tasked with carrying out as a means of furthering the specific interests and goals of the individual organizations and subunits that they are ultimately responsible for. It is important to consider that although management teams are defined and behave in a manner that is relevant to their purpose, they are nonetheless

Classical Mythology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Classical Mythology - Essay Example Fans of a particular stable/faction identified themselves with their stable colors in those race competitions. The stables encouraged this loyalty by establishing an equivalence of â€Å"clubhouses† in Rome to entertain their fans. This trend later spread to other cities as chariot racing grew. Charioteers who rose to heroism and some to freedom after they died had their victories written on their gravestones. Charioteers with decorated careers had monuments erected with engravings of their victories and achievements either by themselves or by others (Roberts, p150). Historical evidence indicate that, almost all the charioteers came from a very low social class (slaves) with exception of a few. The charioteers started very young, rose to fame and eventually died while still young. From the evidence, Roman charioteers lead a similar life path. A majority rose from slavery, started racing very young, bought their freedom and finally died while still young (most died before attaining thirty years). From sources 2, 3, 4, and 7, the charioteers started their racing careers young and met their demise before their thirties. Source 2 describes the life and achievements of Fuscus. He was 24 years old and a driver for the Green Company. He won 53 times and was the first driver to win on the first day of racing. A pillar was erected in the consulate of Gaius and Marcus Servilius and curved with his achievements. Source 3 does not provide the name of the driver as his name was not engraved on his gravestone. He died at the age of 25 in the consulate of Appius Annius. He was a driver for the blue stables. Crescens was born in Mauritius (evidence suggests that, he was of an African origin). He started racing when he was 22 years in the consulate of Lucius Vipsanius. He was a driver for the blue faction. Just like the other drivers he died before reaching the age of 30 years. Finally, Marcus Aurelius. He died at the age of 29 years. His career

Environmentally Susutanable Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environmentally Susutanable Business - Essay Example The companies of one country are successfully involved in trade relations with other countries. Also, many of the countries are having their production units in many parts of the world, making them truly multi – national corporations. The one major aspect of the tremendously competitive business world of today has been the flow of information. It is perceived that the right information in the right moment can do the trick. Also, the reach of the end customers have increased by great extent, thanks to the modern methods of communication like that of internet and cellular phones. Analysing the above facts, it can be well accepted that the commercial fraternity across the globe has been experiencing terrific competition like never before. Apart from the core competencies, the companies are always looking for the extra edge that could gain them the advantage. The companies of modern world are no more focusing on increasing only the shareholders’ value. Rather, the concept in contention today is the enhancement of stake holder’s value. Almost all of the major corporate houses are emphasising to create value for all the stake holders namely the customers, the suppliers, the employees, the regulators, the financial institutions and even for the media along with the true owners i.e. the shareholders. The companies are focusing more on sustainable and long term development. It is well accepted today that only those companies that bank upon sustainable development could exist amidst the turbulent times of today. Royal Dutch Shell, popularly known as Shell, has been one of the leading energy and the petro - chemical producing companies of the world. The company aims to meet the energy requirements of the society without compromising the economic, social and environmental factors. The group recognises the fact that resources are scarce and therefore employs every possible measure to use the resources in the best possible

CASE STUDIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CASE STUDIES - Essay Example gement and the board of directors is 100% male, since Panera is offering a healthier option for food, they could be helped by having female and minority members of the board as well as in the management team to provide a better corporate image. 3. Opening restaurants in other countries with an aggressive growth strategy would require a flood of marketing both in terms of awareness of healthy food (where such awareness is not already present) and establishing their brand identity. 4. The restaurant I went to seemed too dark and gloomy. Even though there were colorful signs at plenty of places, the lack of light made an overall depressing setting. I would suggest that they make use of natural light in the interior and bring the interiors with their unique selling point of healthy food and healthy lifestyles. 1. From the case, it seems obvious that the key competency required would be excellent communications skills which can get the point across the table as well as across the border. Secondly, cultural competency and an ability to work with peoples of different cultures are also important. Finally, since a culture may not be as socially advanced, it could be towards the benefit of the company to use a male representative instead of a female if both of them are equally suited for the job at hand. 2. The only cost of not understanding diversity is profit, which is something no company can afford to lose. If the plant had been developed and run with an understanding of diversity, the communication problems and the cultural clashes could certainly be minimized and the lost production time could have been turned into profitable output. 3. The first problem she faced was stereotyping, just because she was Mexican American; it was assumed that she could work with Mexicans better than anyone else. The second problem was the cultural gap with the Mexicans and communication issues with the Americans. She also faced problems with Mexican men accepting her as the

Political and Economic Factors in International Relations

Political and Economic Factors in International Relations Faculty of Economics and Management Which of the two suppose nowadays a greater danger for justice in IR: political or economic factors Justice in International Relations Introduction This essay raises the question of which factors pose threat to Justice in International Relations at present. It is centered around idea that these factors, which are not only economic and political in nature, but also historical, derive from the domestic practices and ideas of various states. There are three study cases that show from various perspectives how in different ways the internal order spills into international and what set of ideas and methods influence justice in international relations. The complex issue of Justice in International Relations presupposes that we pose and define, at least in this essay the view on the role and the nature of the Justice on the international arena. Whether this notion contradicts or not with the opinion of some major scholars on how just the international order is and can be, it is crucial for us to further follow the logical way of this essay. In my opinion, the international order, interstate relations since the start of the human history had very little space for the just approach: even the civilized nations were generally led by the right of the strongest to do what he wills. Correlated, perhaps, by the power of a free human though and technological advancement, still, the rule of sheer military power was something to be revered. And it has been recorder well in the Greek and Roman history through the famous Melian dialogue. This excerpt of it demonstrates clearly the ways of approaching the international business of the day by perh aps, the most civilized and humane people of the time: Of the gods we believe, and of men we know, that by a necessary law of their nature they rule wherever they can. And it is not as if we were the first to make this law, or to act upon it when made: we found it existing before us, and shall leave it to exist forever after us; all we do is to make use of it, knowing that you and everybody else, having the same power as we have, would do the same as we do (Strassler 1996). We see clearly how little space is given to the notion of justice. Even less was expected when the nations dealt with barbaric people or great empires of the East, despotic in the nature. The same is as well expressed in the Ancient Roman history: when faced with overwhelming forces of the Gauls in 390 BC, the famous vae victis (woe to the conquered ones) was coined. And this lesson of injustice, of what might happen to the ones that fail, was learned well by the Romans and later they would go on to establish the ir own rule on those weaker and less successful. Hardly there was any discussion on the actual righteousness of their actions. Yet, in the cruelty of the civilized ones, there is found a set of ideas that would later contribute so much to a completely differing set of ideas and notions, a whole new historical perspective of people living in completely different, just and fair conditions. These ideas, in my opinion were first the ideas of freedom and domination first coined by the Athenian political leader Pericles, and second Greco-Roman stoicism and cynicism and the concepts coined within this philosophy (like cosmopolitanism). Both set of views, in part with many others, undoubtedly, served later as the cornerstone for the revived Western Civilization, which, at least by name, calls itself humane and adhering to the principles of justice, human rights, democracy and opposing despotism. The description of these ideas, undervalued in modern times, and the way they shaped the Wester n notion, is not a part of this essay, yet, it is important to say that they are the ones that called for a dialogue whenever the West acted oppressively towards the rest of the world, and even more a tool for discussion and social change in the vey western countries themselves. So, we can clearly say that the historical experience of the countries is another important factor influencing their understanding of the domestic justice and hence, justice on the international arena. The more just, democratic, law abiding the society of the country is, the more it correlates with the demands for a fairer world on the international arena. This very important statement will be later developed in the essay. Those countries that did not undergo a certain process of inner development of the ideas on justice and more humane order, have little to contribute to the international system. Moreover, the higher the development of the countrys political and economic system, the deeply economic and pol itical factors influencing the notion of justice both on the domestic and the international level are intertwined. Domestic policies and international order And before looking at the perspective of justice in the international relations, it would be wise to consider several cases of how domestic ideas of justice, as well as practices of it, influence and shape the international approach. The first country to start with, the one that has been dominating international politics ever since the Second World War, is the United States. Being at some point a breakaway from the old and, as seemed obsolete European absolutist ideas, the new state brought the value of republicanism and democracy to the highest level. The very main document of the state was a drastic breakthrough from the Old World and in a way a revolutionized, the dream of many political thinkers of the time. The words of one the main document of the state started with the words: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happ iness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed (Virginia Declaration of Rights). And indeed, from the end of the 19th century up till nowadays for the many oppressed the USA remains the place of freedom, in a way a political ideal to be reached. Not only it is just in itself, but it as well actively engages in establishing freedom and democracy all around the world. Yet, what is important here is to take a closer look at the domestic stance with equality and justice in the USA. Despite the declared equality, economically the population is very diverse. The salary differentiation between the poorest and the richest may vary in 300 times, which is, of course unprecedented. As it was said, the economic fractionalization lead to the fact that different social strata and communities live different lives, with ones striving to have a decent life, while the other many times more than enough then a human being can consume. As the graph suggests, 80% of the American population own only 15.1% of the national wealth. To compare: 50% of the USA population owns 14.5 trillion dollars, the same amount of money could be gathered in 10 years if the tax on the rich would increase by 2%. Such economic inequality undoubtedly spurs political debates in the country. As well, we should take into account that financial diversification goes in hand with ethnic and cultural division of the households. Despite the fact that the just order is guaranteed by the law, existing social institutions, bureaucratic apparatus and the democratic tradition, the income inequality as well as other discrepancies the economic division raises stem into the political sphere and cause debate. And with certain economic groups tied up with the political decision makers, the inequality transforms into a vicious circle: rich and economically affluent influence the politics, thus preserving their positions and becoming more rich, while the ones receiving medium and below medium salary have little say in the decision making and instead are more and more occupied with the process o guaranteeing their financial prospects. Domestic inequality and the practices of economic exploitation clearly is receive continuation on the international arena. Changes in economic inequality over the last 30 years (The Economist) On the international scale we see that in the countries where republican ideas, rule of law, democratic principles, respect to human rights, freedoms are of paramount importance, the economic practices and laws allow for inequality and exploitation in domestic relations, but even more on the international level. MNCs acting in accordance with the law and indeed bringing the change to some third world countries, in fact contribute to the implementation of practices that undermine the attempts to establish international justice through establishment of unfair practices. Thus, the stance of the United States on the international arena is ambiguous on the one hand through establishing relations with the others states and participating in the work of the international organizations, it promotes the political principles established in the country, and are generally favourable for the fairer world, but on the other hand the economic policy through trade and actions of MNCs have a controver sial effect: exploitation of resources and population, cardinally unequal income distribution and often practice of dealing with corrupt politicians and non democratic political regimes. When the primary goal is only to maximize the profit, then the ways of making it in the third world countries have little to do with the notions of promoting justice. Historical factors and views on global order Another study case, this time a country that is not a part of the classical Westetn civilization, is China. Becoming in many ways a modern capitalist economy, its political views on the international arena and its place in it may not fully fall in line with the Western vision of China. Chinese foreign trade is strongly intertwined with the Chinese foreign economy policy. We can define five major principles, characterizing Chinese economy and demanding adherence to them. First, is keeping open world markets for its exports, more than half of which are produced by factories that are wholly or partly owned by foreigners. The second principle is about securing access to international supplies of energy resources and natural resources, which serve a determining factor to the Chinese industrial development. The third principle demands China is to insulate its economy and national wealth from potentially destabilizing international risks. The fourth principle demands that new technologies a re acquired, together with knowhow and skills. The fifth principle presupposes promotion of global expansion of Chinese own industries through foreign investment. It is obvious that in the last decades China is on the rise, both economically and politically, but the question remains how the increase in Chinese domination will affect the global order (de Jonquieres, 2011). Will it be a US competitor? And can it propose a viable alternative to the existing world order? Until the late Qing, concepts of international order and justice were alien to Chinas imperial rulers. Subsequently, however, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, China perceived itself to be the victim in an unjust world of aggressive, powerful, Western states. Contemporary Chinese perceptions of a just international order have been shaped by such past experiences and encompass a strong element of restitution. Its justice claims start with the Chinese state itself rather than with the needs of a broader glo bal community. Its activity on the international arena can be explained by the need to return the prestige and honour that was presumably lost in the early 20-ies. During the Cold war era Chinese foreign policy was heavily built on the dichotomy of rivalry of the two world powers, using one of them to strengthen themselves. First it was the alliance with Moscow from 1972 with the USA. It as well kept a positive image for the developing world. After the demise of the USSR there appeared a debate among the scholars whether a unipolar or multipolar world is appropriate. Globalisation was seen as a process beneficial for the USA, in which China had to find its place. The international relations had to be democratized. Despite the bright declarations often made by the Chinese officials, the current approach is based around a strategy of bandwagoning and transcending. The first means China adapting to the US and serving as a partner, while the second emphasise the peaceful transition to a more democratic world order. Transcending includes democratizing international relations, promotion of state sovereignty, strong support of the UN. Chinese approach is generally compared with US on the international arena.(Foot 2008) The Chinese approach to Justice in IR during the communist era proposed an another vision of how the relations could be altered. The Three World Theory presupposed that non-aligned states, that want to adhere neither to the comunist, nor to the capitalist world, can work together. Yet, these ideas have never gained power and later Chinese leaders felt in line with a more common view on the international arena. The Three World Theory map proposed by Mao Zedong The increasing importance of China in the International Relations make us listen more attentively to what the leadership of the country says on world order. Yet, as it was demonstrated, the Chinese economic policies go in line with the world practices. And the political and ideological solutions center rather around China itself, then the care of a an alternative, more just order. So, it would not be a wrong generalization to say that many non-Western countries do not contribute to fairer practices and go in line with the general pattern. Spread of negative factors on the regional and international level The last study case, however minor it is in comparison with the two previous ones, demonstrates how political factors influence on the economy and how certain processes taking place in one country, affect the whole region, leading to distribution of the unfair practices. The case here is the political and economic situation in Eastern Europe, and specifically the case of how political and economic practices of one country negatively affect the situation in the whole region. The destructive mechanism of Belarusian authoritarianism on other countries has not been well examined. Often dubbed as the last dictatorship in Europe, Lukashenkas system has proven to remain far more stable than expected. Though not showing great economic progress, remaining politically and economically dependent on Russia, the regime was able to deal with Putins administration, withstand political protests after 2006 elections and 2008 economic crisis. Lukashenka himself built in his own way an effective state structure, with him virtually controlling every significant aspect in politics and economy. However undemocratic the regime may be, with all the violations and electoral fraud during the presidential, parliamentary and local elections, it has been able to remain politically relatively stable for 16 years so far. This, undoubtedly set an example for the governing elite of the neighboring countries, like Russia and Ukraine, Belarusian dictatorship political regime also has a significant economic influence on the economy of Lithuania and to a lesser extent, on the economy of Latvia. We can see how Lithuanian leaders, interested in further economic cooperation with Belarus, especially in the case of transit Belarusian potassium salt, stood as advocates of the Belarusian authoritarian regime and in sometimes gave support to the regime (Belarus: Background and U.S. Policy Concerns). Belarusian contagion spreads in both ways, affecting other states because of the profitable economic cooper ation with Belarus and on personal level, tempting certain officials to breach the law, corrupting their own governmental system. Thus, their state system may become less accountant, transparent, responsive, equitable, legal frameworks become flawed. This is a clear example of how on the regional level political factors in one country spill to the other, making the whole region more corrupt. The bigger conclusion here is as follows: if we leave place for economic and political negotiation with countries with authoritarian or tyrannical regime, we must admit that it will influence. regional and international relations in the negative ways, further spreading contagious practices developed in their countries, that contradict the civilized norms, respect for human rights and the rule of law. To conclude the essay, several main statements should be repeated. First, in my opinion historical experience and evolution is not less important when speaking about the contribution to the justice on the international arena. Secondly, the behavior of the state on the international arena is very correlated with its domestic policy. Third, political and economic factors in the complex systems are intertwined, often it is hard to say precisely, which factor stems from the other. Finally. even if the political factors contribute to international justice, economic factors, and the pursuit for profit contribute to inequality and undermine the notion of justice in international relations. Bibliography Robert B. Strassler, The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War, Free Press, 1996, page 352-354 Guy de Jonquieres What power shift to China? ECIPE. Policy briefs. No. 04/2012.ISSN 1653-899. Brussels http://www.ecipe.org/media/publication_pdfs/PB201103.pdf. Viewed on December 17, 2013 Rosemary Foot. Chinese strategies in a US-hegemonic global order: accommodating and hedging. International Affairs 82, 1 http://www.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/Foot_-_Chinese_Strategies_-_International_Affairs.pdf. Viewed on December 17, 2013 CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html. Viewed on December 17, 2013 The Most Important Chinese Trade Barriers. Derek Scissors. Testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Relations July 19, 2012 http://www.heritage.org/research/testimony/2012/07/the-most-important-chinese-trade-barriers. Viewed on December 17, 2013 Virginia Declaration of Rights http://www.gunstonhall.org/georgemason/human_rights/vdr_first_draft.html Zia Mian and M.V. Ramana, 2010. Imbricated Regional Rivalries and Global Order: South Asia, China and the United States.‘ Belarus: Background and U.S. Policy Concerns. CRS Report for Congress. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32534.pdf The EUs Limited Response to Belarus Pseudo New Foreign Policy. CEPS Policy Brief No. 151, 8 February 2008. http://aei.pitt.edu/7543/1/151.pdf European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument. Country strategy paper 2007-2013. http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/pdf/country/enpi_csp_nip_belarus_en.pdf 1

Historical Insights in Devil in the White City Essays -- Devil in the

Historical Insights in Devil in the White City Write an essay discussing the historical insights presented in Erik Larson’s Devil in the White City, being sure to answer the following questions: In what ways does the Chicago World’s Fair of 1893 represent the contrasts and conflicts of the Gilded Age? What is the Fair’s lasting imprint on American society & culture, & what new trends does it signal for the twentieth century?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the Chicago World’s fair of 1893 only lasted 6 months, it had an enormous impact on the city of Chicago, its people, and indeed the entire country. Up until that point in its history, the US had done nothing on the scale of the world’s fair, and was regarded as a country of barbarians and cowboys by much of the world, especially Old Europe. The fair was a perfect way for the US to disprove this. In building the fair, they would be placed in direct competition with France, who had built a magnificent fair only a few years before. If Chicago could at least build a fair on par with the Paris fair, it would prove to the world that the US was a cultural, military and political force to be reckoned with. Because of the fair’s gigantic scale, it became a microcosm of the conflicts and the tenor of the times. In effect, the fair was the turning point between the old Victorian days and the modern era, technologically, culturally, politically, and in the hearts of the people of the US and the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States of the Gilded Age was not the superpower is it today. At best, it was considered a powerful manufacturing and industrial country, but little more. Culturally and politically, it was an upstart to the relatively old and established European powers of the day. At this point in history, much of the American West was still frontier country, relatively undeveloped. The North east, especially New York, was the only part of the US considered by the world to be somewhat civilized and cultured. Even what we think of as east today, most notably Chicago, was thought of as uncivilized. Getting the World’s Fair in Chicago was their chance to prove otherwise. It was also a chance for the whole country to prove its cultural power. With the Fair’s success came new respect from the world, particularly Europe. The US was no longer viewed as much as a second rate power with no culture of its own and no global influence. The fa... ...the people of the US a glimpse of alien cultures that many of them had never heard of, much less seen and learned about. In a way, the fair was a cultural awakening for most of the people of the United States. Suddenly, people from Missouri could tell their friends and families that they had seen Camels, or men from Japan. 27 million people went to see the fair, the vast majority of them Americans. That was a little less than half of the population of the country at this time. That many people seeing cultures and people that many had never heard of would have caused a dramatic effect, transforming the people of this country into a more cultured, worldly people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893 was the turning point between old Victorian, provential, and backwater ways in the US, and the modern outlook and culture we enjoy today. It was built on a scale that had never been seen before. It provided technological wonders, new cultures, and a look into a brighter future. It helped to take the US from being a backwater, second rate power to a world super power. It was progressive in the labor and safety movements. In short, it was a major turning point in American history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Stop Welfare Abuse to Build the Work Ethics

Valbona Bajrami Stop welfare abuse to build the work ethics America the promised land, America with 37 million poor citizens living under welfare recipients! But, are all these people really poor? Are all these people in real need to live in the shoulders of American taxpayer, or are they â€Å"spineless creatures† who abuse state benefits? These questions deserve to be answers for all taxpayers who not only sweat by working, but they must also pay for all those that are nothing more than parasites.Our government is all about training these people to live in poverty and in return they have children who grow up to believe that the government should pay their way. According to the Census report, 11. 3 percent to 15. 1 percent of the population was living in poverty over the past 20 years. Around 45 percent of them own their own homes, have car, cable, and satellite TV. Overall, when Obama became president, he decided to equip with mobile phones all those who receive welfare.The average poor American has more living space than the average individual not classified as poor living throughout Europe. The number of teen pregnancy increases day by day, and unfortunately the most of them were raised in circle of poverty and dependent on the benefits of welfare. What is poverty indeed? The word â€Å"poverty† suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter, so the above mentioned facts do not show any degree of poverty.It seems that collecting welfare has become a way of life for some, which caused laziness, increased the number of drug users, increase of family violence because they don’t have nothing else to do except to attract and seek benefits from state. They prefer to be let go from work so that they can get paid to sit on their behind. Now the government plans to let the food stamp card to be used in fast food chains and buy junk food instead of cooking? This has to stop! Some tax payers can't afford to eat out, now these irresponsible people want us to pay for their fast food?Wake up law maker, we are tired of this. Drug test them and let the people vote whether they want to be so generous with their tax dollars or not. Give them 3 months to get back on their feet, and then shut them off because they apparently are not aware that they are damaging their children by learning them to live in cycle of welfare. Reported cases of child abuse and neglect among poor children is almost 7 times as great as the incidence among non-poor children .These people complain about their living budget, always in search of humanitarian organizations and often complain that the state is not fulfilling their needs. Because of their behavior the famous quote of Douglas Coupland comes to my mind â€Å"Blame is just a lazy person's way of making sense of chaos. † I see people my age who receive unemployment checks, food stamps; you name it, and they are doing absolutely nothi ng to change it, even turning down advancements at their jobs so they can continue to receive the same amount of aide.It is important to recognize that job opportunities do exist for individuals willing to accept them. The government should end welfare because there are more people that abuse it then need it. People on welfare do not respect the value and hard work of US taxpayers. It is really upsetting that they don’t do anything to better themselves. If we stop the welfare, poor people would be more likely to go to work, starting to climb the ladder that will lead out of poverty and teach their kids the value of education and work ethic.

Costs and Benefits Analysis of 2000 Sydney Olympic Games Essay

The Sydney Olympic Games held in 2000 was perhaps one of Australia’s major investments. The event involved Private, Social and External costs and benefits. The NSW government experienced the Private costs. Financially, the government spent around $1.7 billion dollars on the event, which included the sporting facilities, advancing the city’s streets, transport organisation and the village. The takings received for the event, however, was around $6 million. The profits are still being made today, as now Sydney is in possession of world-class amenities capable of holding other major sporting events. The government saved on the payment of employees, as most were volunteers. The economy benefited from the spending of tourists attending the Games. The External costs were the rapid growth of homelessness as the housing market saw prices climb astronomically from all the publicity of the Games. The Games may have created a national debt, which subsequently the taxpayers would have had to subsidise. Due to the government having to concentrate their budget on the Games, less money was put into hospitals and schools, which invited much criticism from the public. The benefits included the availability of jobs. There was estimated to be about 150,000 full-time and part-time jobs created. The well-being of the environment contributed to the social costs. Toxic waste was being deposited in the adjacent areas, including the bushland and other natural resources were being spoiled. The social benefits far outweighed the costs. The major issue confronting the Olympic Games was concerning the relations between European Australians and Aboriginal Australians. Tension was especially mounted during the Opening Ceremony when the Aboriginal culture was demonstrated in their acts. This was dispelled, however, when Cathy Freeman completed the last leg of the Torch relay and lit the stadium torch. This helped to relieve the hostility between Aborigines and European Australians. Another benefit is the availability of the facilities. The most popular is the International Aquatic Centre that is widely used by the suburban Sydney people and is also admired and used by tourists from all around the world. Overall, the Sydney Olympic Games was a success and we are still reaping the benefits economically. Thanks to the Games, Sydney is now a desirable and popular holiday destination.

Abrams Company Essay Essay Example

Abrams Company Essay Essay Example Abrams Company Essay Paper Abrams Company Essay Paper MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS Lecturer : Supriyadi, Ph. D. Nama : Handy nugroho - No: 1157021 Case : Abrams Company Abrams’Company manufactured a wide variety of parts for use in automobiles, trucks, buses, and farm equipment. Abrams sold their product both to the OEMs and the wholesalers. top management is satisfied with their management systems and performance measurement scheme but they are three areas of concern that need to be discussed. * First, the transfer prices disagreements of parts sold by the product divisions to the AM division. Second, is in the product divisions too often tended to treat the AM division as a captive customer and in the performance measurement system. * Third, the excessive yearly inventory carried by both the AM division and the three product divisions. Strength The company has a clear management structure. The company has employed a bonus plan for employees. The AM Marketing division will input products form the other three divisions, and sell it to domestic and foreign market, it helps the company save cost when it input internal. Weaknesses Abrams’ business model weakness is that its divisions operate as independent companies. Furthermore, all of these profit centers, participate in an incentive compensation plan that the higher the participant is in the organizational hierarchy, the more â€Å"incentive points† he or she will receive based on division profit variance. The Abrams Company has three totally independent divisions, and the three divisions are lack of connection. The transactions between the three divisions dispute the transfer pricing. Case Analysis and Recommendation The Abrams case is about using profitability measures to evaluate profit centers. In EU companies it is more common to evaluate PCs with Income measures like RI and EVA. It is very difficult to find a relevant and fair capital base for the ROI measure. Abrams use book value for fixed assets which inflate the ROI measure as the assets age. The age and mix of assets also differs among divisions which give unfair measures. It is also easy for the divisions to manipulate the capital base at the end of the year. ROI based bonus may rob the future, who want to invest in assets if that reduce the bonus. Recommendation to this company was to use RI or EVA instead of ROI and to control the investments separately using NPV and capital turnover measures. The bonus should be based on the budgeted income level, the RI target. The current transfer price system seems to work well with few disputes. Market prices are more used as a top-level for the TP. An advantage with cost base TP is that it will give all internal partners full information about the cost structure and you will avoid â€Å"upstream fixed costs† The problem with the inventory level cannot be controlled with ROI management. If the company change to RI/EVA it will be possible to to negotiate relevant inventory levels in the budget process. High inventory levels can also be managed with differentiated capital charges that will create high interest costs. The best way to control operational tasks is to use nonfinancial measures such as inventory turnover. Use nonfinancial measures to control the inventory levels. If it is an strategic issue you can connect this measure to the bonus system. In general, Abrams Company adopts the lowest cost, differentiation, market focus and ROI strategies to accomplish the organization’s goal. Furthermore, In order to implement the strategies the firm establishes its own management control systems. Suggestions  to  performance measurement  system: 1) ROI can be used combination with other performance measures to avoid the limitations of ROI. The company can establish a non-financial performance measurement system such as the balanced scorecard . With a good performance measurement system, the incentive compensation plan will be improved. 2) EVA ( Economic value added) can be used instead of ROI Suggestions to transfer pricing : a transfer price fixed by the top management in compliance with the AM division and the other divisions involved which could be revised when it is out of date. This fixed price could be adjusted due to inflation. There should be an internal policy on it. Therefore, top management should implement a c ost-based transfer prices because when competitive prices are not available, transfer prices may be set on the basis of cost plus a profit markup.

The Feathered Dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era

The Feathered Dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era Part of the reason so many ordinary people doubt the evolutionary link between feathered dinosaurs and birds is because when they think of the word dinosaur, they picture enormous beasts like Brachiosaurus and Tyrannosaurus Rex, and when they think of the word bird, they picture harmless, rodent-sized pigeons and hummingbirds, or perhaps the occasional eagle or penguin. (See a gallery of feathered dinosaur pictures and profiles and an article explaining why birds arent dinosaur-sized.) Closer to the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, though, the visual referents are a lot different. For decades, paleontologists have been digging up small, birdlike theropods (the same family of two-legged, meat-eating dinosaurs that includes tyrannosaurs and raptors) bearing unmistakable evidence of feathers, wishbones, and other bits of avian anatomy. Unlike larger dinosaurs, these smaller theropods tend to be unusually well-preserved, and many such fossils have been discovered completely intact (which is more than can be said for the average sauropod). Types of Feathered Dinosaurs So many dinosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era sported feathers that its virtually impossible to pin down the exact definition of a true dino-bird. These include: Raptors. Despite what you saw in Jurassic Park, Velociraptor was almost certainly covered with feathers, as was the dinosaur it was modeled on, Deinonychus. At this point, the discovery of a provably non-feathered raptor would be major news! Ornithomimids. Bird mimic dinosaurs like Ornithomimus and Struthiomimus probably looked like giant ostriches, complete with feathersif not all over their bodies, at least on certain regions. Therizinosaurs. All of the dozen or so genera of this small family of bizarre, long-clawed, plant-eating theropods likely had feathers, though this has yet to be conclusively proven. Troodonts and oviraptorosaurs. Typified by, you guessed it, the North American Troodon and the central Asian Oviraptor, virtually all of the members of this theropod family seem to have been covered with feathers. Tyrannosaurs. Believe it or not, we have conclusive evidence that least some tyrannosaurs (like the recently discovered Yutyrannus) were featheredand the same may hold for the juveniles of Tyrannosaurus Rex. Avialan dinosaurs. Heres where paleontologists classify the feathered dinosaurs that dont fit in the above categories; the most famous avialan is Archaeopteryx. Further complicating matters, we now have evidence that at least some genera of ornithopods, plant-eating dinosaurs unrelated to modern birds, had primitive feathers as well! (For more on this subject, see Why Did Dinosaurs Have Feathers?) Which Feathered Dinosaurs Evolved Into Birds? What do all of these genera tell us about the evolution of prehistoric birds from dinosaurs? Well, for starters, its impossible to pin down a single missing link between these two types of animals. For a while, scientists believed the 150-million-year-old Archaeopteryx was the indisputable transitional form, but its still not clear if this was a true bird (as some experts claim) or a very small, and not very aerodynamic, theropod dinosaur. (In fact, a new study claims that the feathers of Archaeopteryx werent strong enough to sustain extended bursts of flight.) For more, see Was Archaeopteryx a Bird or a Dinosaur? The problem is, the subsequent discovery of other small, feathered dinosaurs that lived around the same time as Archaeopteryxsuch as Epidendrosaurus, Pedopenna and Xiaotingiahas muddied the picture considerably, and theres no ruling out the possibility that future paleontologists will unearth dino-birds dating to as far back as the Triassic period. In addition, its far from clear that all of these feathered theropods were closely related: evolution has a way of repeating its jokes, and feathers (and wishbones) may well have evolved multiple times. (For more on this subject, see How Did Feathered Dinosaurs Learn to Fly?) The Feathered Dinosaurs of Liaoning Every now and then, a treasure trove of fossils forever changes the publics perception of dinosaurs. Such was the case in the early 1990s, when researchers uncovered the rich deposits in Liaoning, a northeastern province of China. All of the fossils discovered hereincluding exceptionally well-preserved feathered theropods, accounting for over a dozen separate generadate from about 130 million years ago, making Liaoning a spectacular window into the early Cretaceous period. (You can recognize a Liaoning dino-bird from its name; witness the sino, meaning Chinese, in Sinornithosaurus, Sinosauropteryx and Sinovenator.) Since Liaonings fossil deposits represent a mere snapshot in the 165-million-year-old rule of the dinosaurs, their discovery raises the possibility that more dinosaurs were feathered than scientists have ever dreamedand that the evolution of dinosaurs into birds was not a one-time, non-repeatable, linear process. In fact, its very possible that dinosaurs evolved into what we would recognize as birds numerous times over the course of the Mesozoic Erawith only one branch surviving into the modern age and producing those pigeons, sparrows, penguins and eagles we all know and love.

A Definition of Cinematic Design

An open frame is generally employed in films, while a closed frame is generally employed in films. Realistic; materialistic Which of the following statements about miss-en-SCen is NOT true? Miss;en-SCen has two visual components: lighting and movement. Composition is part of the process of planning the design of a movie. When visualizing and planning shots, filmmakers must make decisions about two elements f composition: what we see on screen and what moves on screen.What are these two elements commonly called? Framing and kinesics Which of the following statements about the production designer is NOT true? The production designer is hired relatively late in the production process. An Important movement In art direction that sought to articulate human feeling and emotion through design elements such as structure, color, and texture with grossly exaggerated film sets is known as expressionism. Which of the following stills represents expressionism: The Cabinet of Dry. Calamari Some of the departments the production designer supervises include carpentry, properties, and transportation. True What Is figure movement? The movement of something concrete wealth the frame Consider carefully the details of the miss-en-SCen in the following clips. Based on the miss-en-SCen, which do you think belongs to a dissipation futuristic narrative inhabited by mostly one-dimensional characters? Bartholomew Song unlike a static painting or picture. Motion picture move and thus shift Its point of view. Point of view is implied by the framing of a shot. What are three elements that describe unrealism? Nonprofessional actors; location sets; handheld camera The planning of the positions and movements of the actors and camera Is called blocking. The two fundamental styles of design established in early motion pictures are the associated with the Lumpier brothers and the Georges Mals. Elastic; fantastic associated with then suddenly a puff of smoke enters the left side of the frame. This is an example of filmmakers using both on-screen and officered space. Which of the following clips also uses on-screen and officered space? Giggled What are the major elements of cinematic design? Setting; decor; properties; lighting; costume; makeup; hairstyle The organization, distribution, balance, movement, and general relationship of actors and objects within the space of a shot is called composition.